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Bibliography, contradictions and gaps

Every source with its identifier and what it was used for, the places where sources disagree, and the honest list of what could not be verified.

Sources are listed with the identifier needed to retrieve them. Where two sources conflict, both appear and the conflict is described rather than resolved by preference. All checks were performed on 2026-09-02 unless stated.

Dietary patterns

• PMID 40657695 — Reyneke GL, Lambert K, Beck EJ. Dietary Patterns Associated With Anti-inflammatory Effects: An Umbrella Review. Nutrition Reviews 2026;84(6):1167–1192. DOI 10.1093/nutrit/nuaf104. 30 reviews, 225 primary studies, 15 patterns, 60 meta-analyses. Open access, CC-BY. Search cut-off 2025-03-19. Source of the 2% certainty distribution, the population restriction, and the Nordic and elimination findings.
• PMID 39364652 — Tran DQ et al. Umbrella review of dietary patterns and circulating CRP in the general adult population. Br J Nutr 2024;132(6): 783–793. Independent confirmation with a different method, different databases and a general adult population.
• PMID 41211687 — Keshani P et al. Mediterranean diet and inflammation: systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs. Nutr Rev 2026;84(9):1776–1790. 33 RCTs, n = 3,476. Source of the hs-CRP-but-not-CRP and IL-6-but-not-TNF-α findings.
• PMID 42265752 — Tahvilian N et al. Vegetarian diets and CRP: SR/MA of RCTs. BMC Nutr 2026;12(1):167. 11 RCTs, n = 545, WMD −0.04 mg/L, I² = 0%.
• PMID 41856828 — Bell J et al. Plant-based dietary patterns and CRP. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2026;36(7):104631. 7 RCTs, −1.13 mg/L, low certainty. Contradicts the entry above; both are reported in chapter 3, entry 9.
• PMID 42370356 — Wu Z et al. Low glycaemic index/load diets and inflammatory markers. Front Nutr 2026;13:1836139. 21 RCTs, n = 1,265, with the authors' "extreme caution" caveat.